Travail
sur le réseau routier en PACA
Le réseau autoroutier
de la région PACA compte 6 autoroutes dont
4 principales :
- l'autoroute A7 qui rejoint Marseille à Lyon (312 km)
- l'autoroute A8 qui relie l'A7 et Aix à la frontière italienne en passant par la Côte d'Azur (223km).
- l'autoroute A50 qui relie Marseille à Toulon (70 km) .
- l'autoroute A51 qui relie Marseille à Grenoble via Gap (173 km).
et 2 moins importantes
:
- l'autoroute A52 qui relie Aix à Aubagne (23 km).
- l'autoroute A54 qui rejoint Nîmes et Salon-de-Provence (72 km).
Sur les autoroutes la
limitation de vitesse est de 130km/h et 110 km/h en temps de pluie.
Le réseau autoroutier
de la région PACA est plutôt construit autour de grande ville
allant vers les plus petites communes . C'est une réseau en étoile
.
Lorsqu'une autoroute
désenclave une région, elle participe au développement économique
et permet la hausse de la valeur foncière des terrains.
Lorsqu'une autoroute
est construite pour palier l'engorgement d'une route de transit, elle
permet de diminuer le trafic de transit dans les agglomérations
traversées par l'ancienne route principale.
La plupart des
autoroutes de la région PACA ont un péage. L'argent récolté grâce
aux péages permet le financement de la sécurité et de l'entretien
des autoroutes. Il permet aussi de rembourser les emprunts souscrits
lors de la construction de ces autoroutes.
En France, la majeure
partie du réseau autoroutier est concédée à des sociétés à
capitaux privés.
Des emplois sont
générés grâce à la construction d'autoroutes comme les
patrouilleurs, les opérateurs et journalistes radio, les employés
dans les péages...
Par rapport à 2006,
les accidents sur les autoroutes de la région PACA ont augmenté de
4,1% en 2007 , le nombre de morts de 13,8% et le nombre de blessés
de 2,5% .
Les autoroutes servent
à transporter des marchandises, à la circulation des personnes...
Elles ont une fonction économique.
Mais certaines routes
ont une histoire comme la Route Napoléon qui relie Grenoble à
Cannes qui traverse les Alpes en passant par la ville de Gap. Cette
route a été emprunté pour la première fois par Napoléon le 1er
mars 1815 ayant pour but de prendre le pouvoir à Paris.
Il existe aussi la Via
Domitia qui est la première route construite par les Romains en 118
avant J.C . Elle partait des Alpes jusqu'en Espagne.
En 2003, 31 979
véhicules par jour et par kilomètre ont fréquenté les autoroutes
françaises ce qui représente 21% du trafic.
Le rejet de gaz à
effet de serre est donc important. Il est surtout dû au
camionnage à cause du nombre de kilomètres parcourus, les tonnes de
marchandises transportées au kilomètre et la quantité d'énergie
consommée.
Le camionnage est une
source importante de nuisances sonores également.
Working on the motorway network
The
motorway network of the region PACA is composed of six main highways
among which there are four main motorways:
- the A7 highway which joins Marseille to Lyon (312 km)
- the A8 highway which connects A7 and Aix with the Italian border by the way of Côte d'Azur (223km).
- the A50 highway which joins Marseille to Toulon (70 km).
- the A51 highway which connects Marseille and Grenoble via Gap (173 km).and two less important motorways :
- the A52 highway which connects Aix with Aubagne (23 km).
- the A54 highway which joins Nimes to Salon-de-Provence (72 km).
On
the highways, the speed limit is 130km/hour and 110 km/hour when the
weather is rainy.
The
motorway network of the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur was
buit around big cities and go towards the smallest municipalities. It
is a network with the shape of a star « in star »
When
a highway opens up a region, it contributes to its economic
development and it allows the rise of the value of the lands it
crosses.
The
construction of a highway allows the reduction of the traffic in the
built-up areas.
Most of
the highways of the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur have a toll
and are managed by the private company ESCOTA. The
money from the tolls is collected and used
for the roads maintenance, the financing of the highways' security
and used for paying back the loan made for the highways'
construction.
Jobs
are generated thanks to the construction of highways, such as the
traffic patrollers, the employees in the tolls, in the road
engineering, the operators and radio journalists.
Compared
with 2006, the accidents on the roads increased by 4,1% in 2007, the
death number by 13,8% and the number of wounded persons by 2,5%.
Highways
have an economic and touristic function,. They are used to transport
goods and for people movement.
There
are roads with a history like the «Route Napoléon» which joins
Grenoble to Cannes crossing the Alps and the city of Gap. This road
was taken for the first time by Napoleon March 1st, 1815
with the aim of taking the power in Paris.
There
is also Via Domitia which is the first road built by the Romans in
118 before J-C. It starts from the Alps to Spain.
In
2003, 31 979 vehicles frequented the French highways per day and by
kilometer which represents 21% of the traffic.
The
discharge of greenhouse gases is thus really important. It is
especially due to the haulage; because of the number of covered
kilometers, the tons of goods transported in kilometer and the
quantity of consummate energy. The haulage and the traffic are an
important source of noise pollutions.
Samia et Laura
Highways
-->
Highways
Nowadays,
France has an excellent road and motorway network. French motorways,
known as autoroutes, are written with numbers preceeded by the letter
A (for Autoroute). Thus, when driving to the south of France from
Calais, you can either take the A16 towards Paris or (normally an
easier solution) the A26 via Rheims.
The
normal speed limit on French motorways is 130 km/h or 110 km/h if
it’s raining.
On
this map, we can see that there is a lot of highways around the area
of Paris. All highways start from there and continued to other
cities: it is as if Paris were the center, the beginning of all
highways.
However,
we can observe that on the West side, the number of highways is very
limited.
Moreover,
all the highways are connected to each other.
Here
are best ways for driving to the south and west of France.
Highways
of the PACA region :
In the
highways, the name of the cities which
are nearby, are written on a road sign which shows the direction
and the road to take.
There is a
lot of rest stops and service stations, called Aires
in French. They have gas stations, restaurants and picnic areas with
open space for children.
Most
of the French highways are toll motorways,
they are not free; and the entrances to them are indicated by the
word "Péage". The procedure is to take a ticket from a
booth as you enter the highway; tolls are paid either when you leave
the highway, or when the toll section comes to an end.
There
are signs on French toll gates:
*
A red cross means
that the toll is closed
*
A
green arrow means
that the toll is open
*
A
blue rectangle means
that the toll is only for
credit
card
* An
orange T means
that it is only for cars fitted
with
toll car charging sensors.
There
are a few free
motorways
in France. It’s possible to drive
in France and
avoid all tolls, but it is not the necessarily the best or the most
economical solution.
- advantages:
Cars
give us a lot of benefits. Travelling
by car gives us the liberty to move wherever we want. It is really
useful and practical.
First
of all, having a car can help us in our work because for example if
we work far from our home, taking the car saves us a lot of time on a
long distance.
Moreover
we can make money by doing car-pooling. For tourism, using a car is a
good way to visit cities: people from other countries can rent a car
and start their trip alone.
And
finally, there are accesses for goods and merchandise thanks to
highways: this is an open network, which allows exchange and which
improve the economic situation of the country.
- Drawbacks:
Despite
the advantages of the car, there
are still some drawbacks. Cars have negative impacts on nature and
ecology. Because of the important amount of CO2 emission, cars
pollute the atmosphere (polluting emissions).
Moreover,
there are risks of accidents.
written by Marie
-->
Motorway network
The
motorway network is important in the PACA region.
In
2003 the regional fleet was just over 3 million cars in circulation.
The region had 560 cars per 1000 people (the national average was
518).
The
transport sector represented 29% of regional energy consumption in
2003.
The
transportation sector accounts for 75% of regional oil consumption.
Oil consumption had increased from 1992 to 1998 faster than in the
other regions of France. This can be explained by a promoting travel
planning.
The
benefits of road transport
They
are numerous : Not only for the traffic users , but also the carriers
who save time and fuel for freight, but also others, including final
consumers, who can purchase products at a better price through
savings on transport costs.
The
drawbacks
Strengthening
the "all car" lifestyle ruins the efforts made by
manufacturers in terms of reducing consumption and emissions:
For
ten years, improved engines, catalytic converters and changing fuels
have lead to high reducing emissions from motor vehicles.
But
with the explosion of traffic and the trivialization of car air
conditioning, road transport will continue to cause significant
environmental problems .
Transport
(sea and air international transportation not included) contributed
about 56% of emissions of greenhouse gas emissions in Europe with
only 70% due to road transport .
In
the PACA region, 21% of emissions of greenhouse gases are due to
road transport .
The
impacts regarding the air, the global atmosphere the climate and
microclimate, the water, the soil, the flora, the fauna, the noise
and the public health are numerous : especially cardiovascular and
lung problems but not only).
Exposure
to car pollution, like smoking, is a predictor of mortality and
childhood cancer.
Air
pollution from exhaust gases causes respiratory diseases and
contributes to global warming.
The car as a transport
We
have chosen the car as a transport to visit the PACA
I
THE
MAP OF THE ROADS IN PROVENCE-ALPES-CÔTE D’AZUR
These
are the principal highways in the PACA region
HIGHWAYS:
A7 (Lyon-Marseille via Avignon), A8
(A7-Nice-Italie), A50 (Marseille-Toulon), A51 (Marseille-Gap), A52
(Aubagne-Aix), A54 (Salon de Provence - Saint-Martin-de-Crau and
Arles - Nîmes), A55 (Marseille-Martigues), A57 (Toulon-A8)
This
letter presents a future highway which will run from Barcelona to
Genova
09/02/2011
- In a letter dated February 9th, Gaston FRANCO, Dominique VLASTO,
Marie-Thérèse SANCHEZ-SCHMID, AlejoVIDAL-QUADRAS, Santiago FISAS
AYXELA and Carlo FIDANZA, plead with the European Commissioner for
Transport for the gratitude recognition of the LGV(HSR)
Barcelona-Genoa within the trans-European network of transport (
RTE-T).
Extract
of the letter:
"Monsieur
le Commissaire,
Avant
que la Commission européenne ne dévoile à l’été 2011 les
nouvelles lignes directrices et la feuille de route sur les futurs
réseaux transeuropéens de transport, nous, Députés européens PPE
de France, Espagne et Italie, souhaitons réaffirmer notre soutien
plein et entier au projet
de ligne à grande vitesse reliant Barcelone
à Gênes.
A
nos yeux, il est fondamental que le réseau transeuropéen de
transport soit rééquilibré vers le Sud en offrant une armature à
l’Arc méditerranéen occidental et en s’ouvrant à la
Méditerranée et au reste de l’Europe.
La
concrétisation d’un axe ferroviaire continu et performant reliant
Barcelone,
Perpignan, Marseille,
Nice
et Gênes,
permettrait de désengorger les infrastructures routières,
autoroutières
et ferroviaires existantes, de gérer de manière plus adéquate les
flux de personnes et de marchandises et de connecter les grands ports
de Méditerranée.
Ce
projet
aurait surtout le mérite de donner corps à la complémentarité de
nos territoires et à la communauté de destin qui nous unit.
Tout
en gardant l’approche globale Barcelone-Gênes
à l’esprit, nous invitons la Commission européenne à soutenir de
manière prioritaire les initiatives plus localisées sur l’Arc
latin Méditerranéen visant à accélérer les jonctions
transfrontalières".
II
THE MAP OF THE ROAD NETWORK IN FRANCE
We
are working on the transports and on the road network in our region
PROVENCE-ALPES-COTE D’AZUR but also in FRANCE.
The
road network helps connect the cities and allow exchanges and
communication between them. We can see that the principal highways
join in the center of France: Paris, the capital city.
These
highways connect the north with the south and the west and the east.
Highways
are often designated by the letters A and N which are followed with
numbers.
III
ECONOMICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE CAR AND THE ROAD NETWORK
Our
means of transport is important for our economy. It has advantages
but also drawbacks :
There
are several advantages
Cars
and highways allow the creation of many jobs. Every year more than
450 jobs are born, for example the work in factories to make cars or
in tolls. The car develops the wealth of the countries with
international trade. Moreover some highways may be built to transport
dangerous products.
IV
DRAWBACKS
Impact
on wildlife : the example of the “turtles”
The
impact of the construction of a highway on animal populations is also
among the factors considered when designing its route. For example
the turtles. To protect
wildlife from the danger of the highway, ESCOTA (Estérel,
Côte d'Azur, Provence and Alpes) sets up during the new projects,
closes in game area and landscape passages for wild animals, even for
the smallest…
“
The
Duke Turtles”
Between
Cannet des Maures and Gonfaron, the Highway (A57, in Green)crosses
places where the famous "
Hermann Turtles " have been living for millennia. The highway
was likely to separate the area of habitat from the breeding area,
ultimately condemning this species.
From
the beginning of the works, ESCOTA took, protective measures that
were necessary:
• Collection
of over 300 turtles to avoid their destruction
• Installation
of 5 km of fence 50 cm high and buried 10 cm below the highway
• Creation
of two passages for turtles, " Duke Turtle” at strategic
locations to maintain natural seasonal migration of the turtles.
The
car is a transport particularly comfortable. However, its
use has an adverse impact on the environment, on the
climate and on the air quality.
Independently of
road traffic, the construction, the presence and the maintenance
of road infrastructures consume natural resources, have
impacts on natural
environments and produce toxic emissions
V
The Sources
FIRST
MAP
SECOND
MAP
LETTER
ECONOMICAL IMPORTANCE
OF THE CAR AND THE ROAD NETWORK
DRAWBACKS
written by younes et reyane
Aucun commentaire:
Enregistrer un commentaire